Thermometer scale



E- V. HILL THERMOME'I'ER SCALE May 31 1927.,

Filed June 1, 1925 4 wza wiw Patented May 31, 1927.

entice.

neat vnnnou HILL, or enroaeo, ILLINOIS.

THERMOMETER SCALE:

Application filed June 1,

This invention relates to a novel and improved scale for thermometers and consists of the matters hereinafter described and more particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

lhe improved scale is primarily desi ned for use on or in connection withthermometers and with apparatus for properly conditioning' the air as to heat and to moisture content, in buildings, residences and the like; but it is equally capable of use in connection with'other measuring devices and with apparatus where a predetermined or desirable relation oi two inversely related conditionsaretobe brought about and maintained.

It is well-known thatthe comfort of the human body, for example, in so tar as the heat ot'the surrounding air a'tiects it, depends largely on the moisture in the air, as well as upon the temperature of the air, the two being related in this respect inversely. Thus air at a relatively low temperature containing a relatively high amount of, moisture is just as comfortable to the human body and has the same temperature eliect thereon as air at a relatively high. temperature containing'a relatively low amount of moisture. The more moistm-c the 'air contains up to the point of saturation. the lesser degree of temperature to which it. has to be raised in order to produce a maximum of comfort; whereas, the drier the air, the higher the tempera ture to which the air has to be raised in order to produce a corresponding maximum of comfort.

Careful tests have been made by the use of wet bulb and dry bulb thermometers in rooms where the condition of the air as to moisture has been varied tron; substantially dry air to saturated air with varying degrees of temperature and the corresponding readings of the two thermometers required to produce a maximum of comfort have been noted. it has been found that air saturated with moisture at a temperature of about 65 Fahrenheit represents generally a maximum of comfort for the human body. In such air, the readings of the dry bulb thermometer and of the wet bulb thermometer are substantially identical, namely, 65 F. Above this reading as to temperature, the correspondingly diminishing readings of the wet'bulb thermometer in air suitably in a familiar manner.

1925. Serial No. 33,959.

conditioned for comfort as to moisture have been determined.

The object of the present invention, as applied, for use in connection with apparatus'for properly conditioning the air as to temperature, and moisture in households, buildings. and the like, is to produce a com bination scale of thermometer readingsby means of which the readings of the scale of the dry bulb thermometer are so correlated with the readings of the scale of the wet bulb thermometer, that with a reading oi the scale oi. either the wet bulb or dry bulb thern'iometer, the proper reading of the other, for a predetermined or desirable maximum 01"? comfort in the temperature eftect ot the surrounding air may be instantly and accurately read on the other scale. 'lhusthe amount of moisture or temperature cluuuzje in the surrounding air to reach the predetermined relation of desirable or maximum comfort is at once made known.

' The advantages of my invention will appear more fully as I proceed with my specification.

In the drawings Figure l is a side elevation showing my lli'll'HOVQtl scale as applied to the usual dry bulb mercury thermometer.

Figure 2 is a view representing a modified form of the scale, as applied to a different type 0t thermometer.

In illustrating my invention, as it appears in Figure l, I have shown my improved scale applied to an ordinary wet bulb liquid (specifically mercury) thermometer. To this is preferably attached a small dry bulb thermometer, although this is not essential, as the one thermometer may be used for both readings and the second thermometer is only used to retain the normal. dry reading.

Referring now to the drawings indicates a thermometer of any standard type capable of use as a wet bulb thermometer, and 11 indicates a small dry bulb thermometer. both attached to a bar 12 by metal clamps 12, 12. 10 indicates the usual handle at the top of the bar 1:2 for swinging the wet bulb thermometer through the air The dry bulb thermometer bears'the usual thermometer scale oi": graduations indicated at 11, said graduations corresponding to like graduations on the thermometer 11, but being on a smaller scale.

line 13 are provided a series of graduations 16, above and below the line 15, which line itself bears the numeral 65,-that is to say, the same degree as on'the regular thermometer scale. This is'the graduation to which theme l'cur v should rise in saturated air, if such airbe at the maximum temperature for the comfort of the human body as determined bv the experiments heretofore referred to, whetlur the thermometer is used as a dry bulb thermometer or. whether it is used as a wet bulb thermometer. Above the mark 15, noted as 65 on the scale,'to the i left of the line 13, a scale of graduations 16' is made. which gruduatiohs diminishfrom 65 numerically upwardly, and indicate the correspondingly diminishing wetbulb readings that should maintain for the predetermined maximum eomfortat the readings on the same levels on the right-hand scale of the thermometer It) as a dry bulb thermometer. Below said mark 15. a scale of graduations 16 is made. which graduations increase from 65 numerically upward and indicate the increasing dry bulb readings which should maintain for comfo t at the several corresponding readings on the righthand scale of the thermometer 10 as a wet bulb thermometer. Thus, when used as either a dr'v. bulbor a wet bulb thermometer, the desirable reading of the other, wet

or dry, for the predetermined maximum comfort, be noted at a glance.

If the thermometer 10 is used as a dry bulb thermometer and the temperature of the surrounding air is shown in the thermometer scale 14 to be 70, then in order that there be the desired maximum comfort to the human body, the moisture in said air should be such that. when the thermometer is used as a wet bulb thermometer,

.it should register 56.-this reading apis not practicable, the temperature of the room should be lowered to bring the tom 1'- ature of the air to a degree correspon ing to the actual wet bulb reading, namely 56.

When the thermometer is used as a wet bulb thermometer for air below saturation, which is the usual condition of the air, a reading on the right-hand scale 14 will give the actualwet bulb thermometer temperature. Opposite that reading and on the lefthand scale 16* will appear the correspond ing temperature reading. which the thermomeuar, when used as a d y bulb thermometer, should show for maximum comfort, with the air at the point of relative saturation indicated by the wet bulb thermometer reading.

For example. if the wet bulb neading on the scale 14' be 58, it will be noted by reading the scale 16*, that the graduation 69 corresponds on that scale to the graduation 58 on the scale 1.4. This indicates that the temperature of the vsurrounding air for the esired maximum comfort should be 69; and if it is not. said temperature should be brought to that degree in order to produce the maximum feeling of ferred'tio.

In illustrating the invention, .asin Figure 1, I have shown the scale as applied to the usual liquid (specificallywmercury) ther-- mnmeter, in which the topend of thebodv of liquid. by its rise'aud fall inthe tube, is the indicator, and the scale is laid out along a straight line. But manifestly, the new scale is applicable to other thenn ometms or other temperature indicating devices. in which a swinging needle or pointer oonsti' tutes the indicator. with thread of the nondle traveling: upon an arcuate scale, as in the case of thermomete s which depend for their operation on the diflerential expansion of metal ribbons of different, co'etlicientsof expansion. or others which depend for their comfort herein reoperation upon the flow of a known current V of electricity through a material, the resistance of which changes with the temperature.

In Figure 2. I hare shownthe novel scale as applied to a thermometer hearing: a scale in arcuate formation and readable by the position of a swinging pointer or needle. in this case. the regular thermometer scale is indicated by the numeral li'.--;this being a normal scale of grmlualious in ucci'u'danw with degrees of variation, of tempe ature, as indicated by'lhe travel of ill" needle 18. Said raduat-ions increase.n'inu 'icall v from left to right. Oplms tethis scale 17 and on the side. as shown. nearer the center ol the arc. is a second sralein which a graduation 65 at 20 is placed to corre pond to the graduation (35 on the norm l thernjiometcr scale '17. To the right. in the direction of th numerically inrret-lsine degrees of rradnations on the scale 17. a scale of graduations 20 is made, which indicate the '()ITP5'-ijl ,)f)fl(lingly diminishing wet bulb readings, which should maintain for maximum comfort at the readings on the outer, normal scale 17,

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corresponding to readings of a dry bulb thermometer. To the left of the graduation 65 at 20, a scale of graduations 20" is made, wnich graduations increase from 65 numerically and indicate the increas ng dry bulb readings, which should maintain tor maxi mum comfort at the readings on the outer normal scale, 17, corresponding to rediue's of a wet bulb thermometer.

The two foregoing illustrations of the ai plication and use ot the improved scale show its operation and advantages, and its wide application in connection with the many dilferent system 01' ten'iperature and air-incisture-contnt control in use with furnaces, boilers and other heating and ventilating apparatus for properly and con'itortably heat ing buildings, both domestic and comn'iercial,as well. as in connection with other heat ing or ten'iperaturc conditioning apparatus, where the moisture content ot'the air, as well as the temperature, are to be related in a predetermined desirable way.

While in describing my novel scale as above, I have selected the degree oi? {35 F. as the basis or dividing line between the scales 16 and 16* or 2t and 20". that being the degree of temperature to which moisture saturated air has been determined to provide a maximum of comfort to the human body. other degrees either above or below (543, may be used as the basis, depending in cases of heating buildings or houses. upon the activities of those habitually using: said buildings or houses. For examples, the degree used for illustration will be. dcsirablc for those who are generally .in SQtltllltlff, non-active pursuits; but where the occupants are actively engaged, as in a gymnasium. a different degree should be selected as the basis of the scale, in order to produce the desired comfort as to be indicated by the scale.

In the same way, when the condition as to desirable correlated hea and moisture conditions of the air are to be brought about with respect to things rather than to the human body, a still other dea'rce would be selected on the normal the moi'neter scale to correspond with the reading 65, corresponding on both wet bulb and dry bulb thermonieters to the niaxin'ium of comfort in the exper ments liercinbetorc referred to.

Likewise, it will be niani'rest that even when designed to meet the requirementsas determined by said experiments, the scale may be modified according to other thermometers, as for example. ccntigrade.

I claim as my invention l. A combination scale tor indicating two conditions to be correlated in predetermined inverse relation, each condition being registerable on the same scale, comprising a main scale for determining either of the conditions, but normally for detern'iining the first condition, said scale reading in one direction. a second scal with a. base gradua- 'tion of prci'lcterinincd decree a; atlected by the second condition placed opposite the grad ation o" the r scal and ot the same dcn'rcc oi ti o iv first condition ci'u'responding to the pred tcrinincil correlation of the two onditioas be inaiuta nczl. second scale being graduated in the (ll'; ction oil the reading ot the first scale to indicate the diminishii? degrees of the second condition corresponding to the respective uun'ieri "ally increased rcad tirst sca e when in dicatin the li st condition. and said second sialc being graduated in the reverse direction troni said use raduation to indicate the numcrica ly increasing degrees of the first condition corresponding to the respective opposite readings of the first scale when indicating the second condition.

A combination t-hcrn'ionieter scale t'or indicating temperature and n'ioisturc conditions of air to be correlated in predeterniincd relation, comprising a thermon'ieter scale tor determining either of the conditions. said scale reading in one direction, a second scale with a base graduation of predetermined dcgrrce as atl'ccted by the moisture condition. placed opposite the graduation of the t t l 'rcc scale and of the same dc oi? temperature corresponding to the said predetermined correlation ot moisture and teinpcrainrc to be u aintained, said .sccond grzuluatcd in the direction 0t ot the scale to indicate the nun'ierically din'iinishingr degrees of a wet bulb reading correii-tpoi' dine' to the respective numerically increasing;- readings ot the first scale indicating ten'ipcraturc. and said second scale being; graduated in the reverse direction from Md base graduationto indicate the nun'ie ically in ai ing d :rccs of temperature corresponding to tho respective oppo ite readings of the first scale when i11- dicatingwet biub rcadinp 1c combination scale tor indicating two conditions to be correlated in prcdetermined inverse relation, each condition being registerablc on the same scale. comprisin; a main scale tor determining: either ot the couditions. but norn'ially tor dr-tcrminii'igj the lirst condition, said scale reading in one direction, asecond s :ale with a base graduation of prcdctern'iincd degree as aliectcd by the second condition placed opposite the graduation of the first scale and ot the same dcc'ree oi the first condition (3 1'?'t), :)()1i(lli]f, j to the reading the prcdcterininml correlation of the two "a ined, and said second lt il tio'ns, said scale reading in one dir 4. A combination thermometerscale for indicating temperature and moisture condi-' second scale with a base graduation of predetermined degree as affected by the moisture condition placed opposite the graifluaticn of the first scale and ot the same degree of temperature corresponding to the said predetermined correlation of moisture and temperature to be maintained, and said second scale being graduated in the direction of the leading of the first scale to indicate the numerically diminishing degrees of a wet bull) reading corrcs 'ionding to the respective numerically increasing readings of the first scale indicating temperature.

5. A combination scale for indication two conditions to be correlated in predetermined inverse relation. comprising a main scale for registering either of the two conditions but normally for registering the first condition, usecond scale with a base graduation of predetermined degree as atl'ected by the second condition placed opposite the graduation of the first scale and of the same degree of the first condition corres xmding' to the predetermined correlation of the two cmiditioni-s to be maintained, and said second scale hearing gradnations which are numbered inversely with. respect to the numbering of the first scale with the opposite graduatious of the two scales indicating the rcspectire degrees ot' the two conditions required to correlate said conditions in the said predetermined inverse relation.

6. A combination thermometer scale tor indicating temperature and moisture conditions of airtobe correlated in predetermined inverse relation, COD'IPI'lHlXIg a thermometer scale for registering either of the conditions but normally -for registering the first condition, a second scale with a base graduz-c tion of predetermined degree as atl'ected by the moisture condition placed opposite the graduation of the first scale and ot the same degree of ten'iperature corres mnding to the predetermined correlation of moisture and temperature to be inaintained, and said second scale bearing graduations which are numbered inversely with respect to the numbering ot' the first scale with the opposite gruduations of the two scales indicating the respective readings as to moisture and temperature required to correlate said moisture and temperature conditions In the said pre: determined inverse relation.

7 A combination scale comprising a main scale with graduations to represent degrees numerically increasing in one direction and a second rcale placed opposite the first scale, the two scales having one graduation of like numerical order common .to the two scales, and the second scale running inversely from the common g: 'aduation and bearing graduartions which are correlated in a predeter' mined inverse relation to the corresponding graduations on the other scal said predeterniined inverse relation corresponding to a correlation of two conditions to'hc maintained as registered on the two scales.

8. A combination scale comprising one scale hearing graduations running numeri- (all); in one direction, and a second scale placed opposite said first scale, the two wiles have one graduation of like numerical/l order common to both, the second scale bearing graduations running in each direction from said. common graduation, said graduations i'uuncrically decreasing from mid coml'uon graduation in the direction in which the graduations of the first Scale incrc: so and nun'icrically increasing in the op posite direction. and the gmduations of the two scales being correlated in a pnedetermined inverse relation, said predetermined inverse relation corresponding to a correlation of two conditions to beamintained asregistereul on the two scales.

S). The combination with a temperature measuring device, a combination scale thereon mmprising two sets of graduations, with one graduation of like numerical order common to the two scales, the one set of graduations numerically increasing in one direction corresponding to the movement of the indicator in accordance with varying'degrees of temperature, and the other scale running inversely from the common graduation, the two scales indicating wet and dry bulb read in gs which are correlated in a predetermined inverse relation. c v

10. A method of determining comfort conditions of the surrounding air as to moisture and temperature by means of asrociated wet and dry bulb scales applied to a temperature measuring or indicating device, the said scales bearing graduations which are correlated to correspond with a predetermined desirable inverse relation of the moisture and temperature of said, air.

In testimony that I claim the foregoing as my invention, I atlix my signature this 29th day of May, A. D. 1925.

EARL VERNON HILL. 

